From the invention of barbed wire to its modern forms, the barrier has always been used to separate and to enclose. Its ease of manufacture and scalable production shaped the American West. Its portability and ease of use made it an invaluable weapon in modern warfare and territorial control. Its use in the border refugee crises around the globe have turned it into an enduring symbol of othering. Even when superseded by modern technology, it remains a key component of any border to supplement modern surveillance. It has gained prominence in protest art to criticize state powers’ ubiquitous threat of harm to the body to keep undesirables out and resources or people in. The sheer quantities of wire ensnaring the common space serve as a tangible reminder of control and a wound in our collective nature.
The history of barbed wire shows it is simple and cheap and a thoroughly American invention with the hallmarks of capitalist expansion and aboriginal genocide. While the French planted ronces artificiles (Farstavoll, 85) to supersede natural barriers like osage orange and blackberries, the Bessemer process enabled the mass production of less brittle steel (Farstadovoll, 85). This innovation allowed Joseph Glidden to develop the mass-produced twisted wires with barbs. When big industry through Washburn and Moen enabled mass production (Horbeck, 8), it replaced costly wooden fences and enabled the cheap and rampant enclosure of the western frontier. Between 1880 and 1990, counties with the least woodland experienced 19 percent increase in farmland improved and 23 percent increase in crop productivity (Hornbeck, 3). By 1900, new fence construction was entirely barbed wire and enclosure of west spread, displacing natives and causing property conflict. Barbed wire plays a notable role in the colonization of the West, providing “control based on violence on a vast scale against animals and indigenous Americans alike (Ibrahim, 100).”
Barbed wire spread with the railroads and Western expansion. The American Indians cursed barbed wire as the “Devil’s Rope” as it closed off traditional hunting grounds, hampered raids on cattle and “assisted in their pacification" (Ibrahim, 100). It was always a “multi-species entanglement (Farstadovoll, 85)” as it kept domesticated animals on the inside and others on the outside. This separation would soon find other uses outside agrarian practices as barbed wire went to war.
While the Americas saw clashes between indigenous peoples and white settlers, the British innovated its use in Africa in World War I as they secured their trenches with kilometers of wire. During the Boer War, it restricted the movement of Boer guerillas (Ibrahim, 100). In World War 1, the “artificial bramble” was both economical and effective. Lightweight, immune to artillery fire and a formidable obstacle even when broken and abandoned, it became a trope in literary works and journalism covering the war (Ibrahim, 10).
In World War II, the barbed wire had the capacity to turn the “Corpse into a spectacle” with its “calling attention to its ability to pierce and fix, to hold the body in stasis: a memento mori in wire (Ibrahim, 100).” The Germans built Festung Norwegen and the Atlantikwall to defend against the Allies with bunkers, artillery and “mile upon mile” of barbed wire (Fastadvoll, 87). Wherever there was a border on a country or on a prison camp, barbed wire spread and took root.
While wire bordered war fronts, it also bordered concentration and detainment camps. The wires securing and dividing the German Concentration camps created the enduring legacy of barbed wire as a tool for human segmentation. Barbed wire became razor wire and razor wire serves to detain the human “beast. (Čupković, 3)” Barbed wire ringed the concentration camps. It divided the camps into groups by age, sex and hierarchy. Gas chambers were demarcated with wire. Buchenwald’s “Rose Garden” housed prisoners until they starved or died from exposure (Ibrahim, 101). It separated the prisoners from those about to be executed. Barbed wire equates the human body with the animal body. “By targeting the flesh as a mechanism of control, it collapses the distinction between man and animal, reframing them as equally susceptible to pain and suffering. (Ibrahim, 99).” What started off as means of animal control, has become a symbol of containment and spatial violence.
With the efficacy of wire well-demonstrated, state powers adopted it as a practical political instrument. The concentration camps became detainment centers, refugee camps and borders designed to enforce “Razor Wire Humanitarianism (Ibrahim 95).” As the global North closed down its borders to combat the flow of migrants, the boundary lines were well-defined. “Walls are not simply about security and keeping immigrants out… their presence provides a symbolic effect in favour of preserving identity (Grinceri, 40).” The influx or refugees are greeted, funneled and contain by the barbs of an increasingly profitable “illegality industry.” The UK funded 63 million pounds toward securing the Port and Tunnel (Ibrahim, 99)” of entry at Calias in 2015. Trump promised the construction of a ‘big beautiful wall. (Grinceri, 44).” As of 2020, 178 kilometers of wall were completed. While these walls are reinforced with mass surveillance and concrete fortifications, barbed wire is the go to technology for providing cheap deterrence and an enduring symbol of what happens when immigrants cross the line.
The shared experience of barbed wire creates potent cultural and societal impacts. Razor wire has become a visceral material artifact that encloses private property, pollutes forests as archaeological remnants and girds the international borders to create choke points designed to funnel people “beasts” the same way it funneled the animal “beasts.” It went from an agrarian tool that segmented the west and fenced out the original inhabitants. Soldiers learned to dread it on the battlefield when it “became entrenched within the mythology of the war (Ibrahim, 100).” Captives referred to suicide by electrocution as “embracing the wire” at Auschwitz-Birkenau. In the protest art responding to the border crisis, barbed wire presents “wounding as an immediate action on the body of the excluded. (Čupković, 3.)” The art of Novosti, from pole vaulters with bloody hands to children blinded with razor wire, depicts the views of those outside the wire. Its nicknames - “Devil’s wire”, “artificial bramble”, “rose garden”, “razor wire diplomacy,” - barb-wire’s cultural legacy has always been violent. Now, it has become a pointed shorthand for globalism’s divisive borders.
The technology itself has not changed much. There’s a lasting efficacy in a permanent barrier that is cheap to make, easy to deploy and hard to remove. What has changed is our internalized reaction to it. A trip out west, a visit to Normandy, a tour of a concentration camp or a crossing of a border – barbed wire has become so embedded in the collective consciousness that our artistic zeitgeist uses it as a shorthand for denied agency. The surveillance state on the borders might use more subtle technology to scan faces and build vast databases of citizens and othered refugees, but like the cultural dialog surrounding the free movement of people, they will be surrounded by the passive, lurking manifestation of violence at the hands of the state and those who seek to control the land. That land, its people and their art are wrapped in wire.
Works Cited
Andersson, Ruben. “Hardwiring the Frontier? The Politics of Security Technology in Europe’s “Fight against Illegal Migration.”” Security Dialogue, vol. 47, no. 1, 19 Oct. 2015, pp. 22–39, https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010615606044.
Čupković, Gordana. “Wire on Covers.” [Sic] - a Journal of Literature, Culture and Literary Translation, no. 1.11, 1 Dec. 2020, https://doi.org/10.15291/sic/1.11.lc.1. Accessed 30 Sept. 2025.
Farstadvoll, S. (2022). Thorny Past. Journal of Contemporary Archaeology, 9(1), 82–103. https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.21640
Grinceri, Daniel. “Tracing the Border: Excursus on the Wall.” Interstices Journal of Architecture and Related Arts, 16 Dec. 2020, pp. 39–56, https://doi.org/10.24135/ijara.vi.646. Accessed 2 Aug. 2024.
Hornbeck, Richard. “Barbed Wire: Property Rights and Agricultural Development*.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 125, no. 2, May 2010, pp. 767–810, https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2010.125.2.767. Accessed 6 Feb. 2020.
Ibrahim, Yasmin. “The U.K. And “Razor-Wire Humanitarianism”: The Refugee Crisis and the Aesthetic of Violence.” Fast Capitalism, vol. 17, no. 2, 1 Sept. 2020, pp. 95–110, https://doi.org/10.32855/fcapital.202002.007. Accessed 22 Nov. 2020.
Netz, Reviel. Barbed Wire. Wesleyan University Press, 10 Nov. 2009.